The Official Website of Grand Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi

Whenever one wishes to observe the kaffārah, a fast, they must make an intention, or else they will be obligated to redo kaffārah. Therefore, we will be examining different types of kaffārah together. 1. ‘Uzr kaffārah There are circumstances in which an individual cannot fast in the month of Ramadan, owing to some legitimate excuse, such as some illness, and their excuse lingers on until the Ramadan of the next year, in which case, they must observe ‘Uzr kaffārah. However, if they know that it will last until the Ramadan of the next year, they can give kaffārah immediately after this year's Ramadan. 2. Keara of Delay In the event that a person is unable to observe fast in Ramadan due to a legitimate excuse, such as some illness, they must perform the qada, a fast, before the Ramadan of the next year. But if the excuse has expired, and they have not made up for the missed fast intentionally before the Ramadan of the next year, in addition to performing the qada of the fast, they must observe kaffārah for postponing it, which takes the form of giving one mudd, approximately 750 grams, of food to the poor for each missed day of fast. But delaying the qada of fast for some more years does not add to kaffārah, meaning that if one has not performed the qada of fast due on them for some years, the kaffārah for each missed day is giving just one mudd of food. 3. ‘Amd kaffārah if the one fasting intentionally commits one of the things that invalidates fasting, they must observe one of the following options. They can either feed 60 poor people with one mudd of food or fast for 60 days, 31 days of which must be done consecutively based on an obligatory precaution. If one of the fasts out of these 31 days is deliberately missed, they must redo the fasts, unless that has happened due to some legitimate excuse, such as menstruation, in which case kaffārah fasts can be continued once the excuse has expired. Everyone can choose either of the two methods of giving kaffārah, but combining them is not permissible. As a case in point, it is not permissible to feed 30 poor people and perform kaffārah fast for 30 days. But if one has first made an intention of fasting for 60 days, but they later intend to feed 60 poor people in lieu of the former on the condition that they have not yet performed the first 31 days of kaffārah fast, they can complete the fast of that day and afterwards feed 60 poor people. But if they have fasted for the entire 31 days, it is not possible to change the form of kaffārah anymore and they should perform the rest of the kaffārah fast. 4. Jam a kaffārah Upon invalidating the fast by committing an unlawful act based on an obligatory precaution one is obligated to observe “Jam’ kaffārah” meaning they have to fast for two months and also feed 60 people it’s not necessary to observe each of these kaffārah right away yet one shall not delay them to such an extent that is considered by other people negligence in fulfilling one’s duty even if several years have elapsed from kaffārah nothing will be added to it yes the one that opts for the kaffārah of 60 days of fast most based on obligatory portion observed them before the Ramadan of the next year if it’s possible for them.